Oxyimino compounds and the use thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to oxyimino compounds of (Formula I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates thereof, wherein: Y is CO or SO m ; Z is hydrogen, each optionally substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl etc. R 1  and R 2  are each independently hydrogen, each optionally substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl etc., each X is independently ═O, optionally substituted lower alkyl, cyano, nitro etc., m is 1 or 2, p is O, 1 or 2 and q is O or 1. The invention is also directed to the use compounds of Formula I to treat, prevent or ameliorate a disorder responsive to the blockade of calcium channels, and particularly N-type calcium channels. Compounds of the present invention are especially useful for treating pain.

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/924,808, filed May 31, 2007, which is incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention is in the field of medicinal chemistry. The inventionrelates to oxyimino compounds and the discovery that these compounds actas blockers of calcium (Ca²⁺) channels.

2. Background Art

Calcium ions play fundamental roles in the regulation of many cellularprocesses. It is therefore essential that their intracellular levels bemaintained under strict, yet dynamic control (Davila, H. M., Annals ofthe New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 102-117 (1999)). Voltage-gatedcalcium channels (VGCC) serve as one of the important mechanisms forfast calcium influx into the cell. Calcium channels arehetero-oligomeric proteins consisting of a pore-forming subunit (α1),which is able to form functional channels on its own in heterologousexpression systems, and a set of auxiliary or regulatory subunits.Calcium channels have been classified based on their pharmacologicaland/or electrophysiological properties. The classification ofvoltage-gated calcium channels divides them into three groups: (i) highvoltage-activated (HVA) channels, which include L-, N-, P-, and Q-types;(ii) intermediate (IVA) voltage-activated R-type channels; and (iii) lowvoltage-activated (LVA) T-type channels (Davila, supra). Voltage-gatedcalcium channels (VGCC) are also known as voltage-dependent calciumchannels (VDCC) or voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC).

Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) regulate intracellular calciumconcentration, which affects various important neuronal functions suchas cellular excitability, neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion,intracellular metabolism, neurosecretory activity and gene expression(Hu et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 8:1203-1212 (2000)). N-typechannels are found mainly in central and peripheral neurons, beingprimarily located on presynaptic nerve terminals. These channelsregulate the calcium flux required for depolarization-evoked release ofa transmitter from synaptic endings. The transmission of pain signalsfrom the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) is mediated byN-type calcium channels located in the spinal cord (Song et al., J. Med.Chem. 43:3474-3477 (2000)).

The six types of calcium channels (i.e., L, N, P, Q, R, and T) areexpressed throughout the nervous system (Wallace, M. S., The ClinicalJournal of Pain 16:580-585 (2000)). Voltage-sensitive calcium channelsof the N-type exist in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn andare thought to modulate nociceptive processing by a central mechanism.Blockade of the N-type calcium channel in the superficial dorsal hornmodulates membrane excitability and inhibits neurotransmitter release,resulting in pain relief. Wallace (supra) suggests that based on animalmodels, N-type calcium channel antagonists have a greater analgesicpotency than sodium channel antagonists.

N-type calcium channel blockers have usefulness for neuroprotection andanalgesia. Ziconotide, which is a selective N-type calcium channelblocker, has been found to have analgesic activity in animal models andneuroprotective activity in focal and global ischemia models (Song etal., supra). Examples of known calcium channel blockers includeflunarizine, fluspirilene, cilnipide, PD 157767, SB-201823, SB-206284,NNC09-0026, and PD 151307 (Hu et al., supra).

Blockade of N-type channels can prevent and/or attenuate subjective painas well as primary and/or secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia in avariety of experimental and clinical conditions (Vanegas, H. et al.,Pain 85:9-18 (2000)). N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) playa major role in the release of synaptic mediators such as glutamate,acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).

Inhibition of voltage-gated L-type calcium channels has been shown to bebeneficial for neuroprotection (Song et al., supra). However, inhibitionof cardiac L-type calcium channels can lead to hypotension. It isbelieved that a rapid and profound lowering of arterial pressure tendsto counteract the neuroprotective effects of L-type calcium channelblockers. A need exists for antagonists that are selective for N-typecalcium channels over L-type calcium channels to avoid potentialhypotensive effects.

Similar compounds to those of the present invention are described inEP1741702, WO2005097129 and WO1999026926, but the structures of thesecompounds are different from those of the present invention.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to the use of oxyimino compoundsrepresented by Formula I, I′ or I″ below, and the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates thereof, as blockers of calcium(Ca²⁺) channels. Certain compounds of Formula I, I′ or I″ showselectivity as N-type calcium channel blockers.

The invention is also related to treating, preventing or ameliorating adisorder responsive to the blockade of calcium channels in a mammalsuffering from excess activity of said channels by administering aneffective amount of a compound of Formula I, I′ or I″, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof, asdescribed herein. Specifically, the invention is related to treating,preventing or ameliorating a disorder responsive to the blockade ofN-type calcium channels in a mammal suffering from excess activity ofsaid channels by administering an effective amount of a compound ofFormula I, I′ or I″, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug orsolvate thereof, as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to novel compounds ofFormula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvatethereof. Another aspect of the present invention is directed to the useof the novel compounds of Formula I, compounds of Formula I′ orcompounds of Formula I″, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrugor solvate thereof, as blockers of N-type calcium channels.

A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a method fortreating, preventing or ameliorating stroke, neuronal damage resultingfrom head trauma, epilepsy, pain (e.g., acute pain, chronic pain, whichincludes but is not limited to, neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain,or surgical pain), migraine, a mood disorder, schizophrenia, aneurodegenerative disorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophiclateral sclerosis (ALS), or Parkinson's disease), depression, anxiety, apsychosis, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmia, by administering aneffective amount of a compound of Formula I, I′ or I″, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof, to amammal in need of such treatment, prevention or amelioration.

A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceuticalcomposition useful for treating, preventing or ameliorating a disorderresponsive to the blockade of calcium ion channels, especially N-typecalcium ion channels, said pharmaceutical composition containing aneffective amount of a compound of Formula I, I′ or I″, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof, in amixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.

Also, an aspect of the invention is to provide a method of modulatingcalcium channels, especially N-type calcium channels, in a mammal,wherein said method comprises administering to the mammal an effectiveamount of at least one compound of Formula I, I′ or I″, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof.

A further aspect of the present invention is to provide radiolabeledcompounds of Formula I, I′ or I″ and the use of such compounds, or theirpharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs or solvates, as radioligandsfor their binding site on the calcium channel.

A further aspect of the invention is to provide a method for screening acandidate compound for the ability to bind to a receptor using a ³H, ¹¹Cor ¹⁴C radiolabeled compound of Formula I, I′ or I″, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof. Thismethod comprises a) introducing a fixed concentration of theradiolabeled compound to the receptor to form a mixture; b) titratingthe mixture with a candidate compound; and c) determining the binding ofthe candidate compound to said receptor.

A further aspect of the invention is to provide the use of a compound ofFormula I, I′ or I″, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug orsolvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating,preventing or ameliorating stroke, neuronal damage resulting from headtrauma, epilepsy, pain, migraine, a mood disorder, schizophrenia, aneurodegenerative disorder, depression, anxiety, a psychosis,hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmia in a mammal. In a preferredembodiment, the invention provides the use of a compound of Formula I,I′ or I″, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvatethereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing orameliorating pain (e.g., acute pain, chronic pain, which includes but isnot limited to, neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain or surgicalpain).

Additional embodiments and advantages of the invention will be set forthin part in the description that follows, and will flow from thedescription, or may be learned by practice of the invention. Theembodiments and advantages of the invention will be realized andattained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointedout in the appended claims.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing summary and the followingdetailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are notrestrictive of the invention, as claimed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the present invention is based upon the use of compoundsof Formula I, I′ or I″, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts,prodrugs and solvates thereof, as blockers of Ca²⁺ channels. In view ofthis property, compounds of Formula I, and the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates thereof, are useful for treatingdisorders responsive to the blockade of calcium ion channels. In oneaspect, compounds of Formula I, I′ or I″, and the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates thereof, selectively blockN-type calcium ion channels and, thus, are useful for treating disordersresponsive to the selective blockade of N-type calcium ion channels.

The present invention provides

1) A compound having the Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug or a solvate thereof,wherein:

Y is CO or SO_(m);

Z is hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionallysubstituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted bicycloalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵, COR⁵ or CONR⁵R⁶;

R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedcycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, cyano, COR⁵, or CONR⁵R⁶, or

R¹ and R² taken together, with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedbicycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl;

R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedbicycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionallysubstituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

each X is independently ═O, optionally substituted lower alkyl,optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted loweralkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵, COR^(S), COOR^(S),CONR⁵R⁶, NR⁵COR⁵, OCOR⁵, SOR⁵, SO₂R⁵, SO₃R⁵, SONR⁵R⁶, SO₂NR⁵R⁶, NR⁵SOR⁵,or NR⁵SO₂R⁵;

m is 1 or 2;

p is 0, 1 or 2; and

q is 0 or 1;

and provided thatwhen R¹ is optionally substituted phenyl, R² is optionally substitutedheterocyclyl or thiazolylcarbamoyl, and Y is CO, then Z is not methyl,tert-butoxy or 2-(N,N′-dimethylamino)ethoxy.when R¹ is aminothiazolyl, R² is CONHR⁶, R⁶ is optionally substitutedheterocyclyl and Y is CO, Z is not 4-nitrobenzyloxy.

2) The compound of the above 1), wherein Y is SO₂.

3) The compound of the above 1) or 2), wherein Z is optionallysubstituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl.

4) A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compound of any of theabove 1) to 3) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

5) A method of treating, preventing or ameliorating a disorderresponsive to the blockade of calcium channels in a mammal sufferingfrom said disorder, comprising administering to a mammal in need of suchtreatment, prevention or amelioration an effective amount of a compoundof any of the above 1) to 3).

6) The method of the above 5), wherein a disorder responsive to theblockade of N-type calcium channels is treated, prevented orameliorated.

7) A method for treating, preventing or ameliorating stroke, neuronaldamage resulting from head trauma, epilepsy, pain, migraine, a mooddisorder, schizophrenia, a neurodegenerative disorder, depression,anxiety, a psychosis, hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia in a mammal,comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of any of theabove 1) to 3).

8) The method of the above 7), wherein the method is for treating,preventing or ameliorating pain selected from the group consisting ofchronic pain, acute pain, and surgical pain.

9) A method of modulating calcium channels in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal at least one compound of any one of theabove 1) to 3).

10) The method of the above 9), wherein the N-type calcium channel ismodulated.

11) A compound having the Formula I as described in the above 1) to 3),wherein the compound is ³H, ¹¹C, or ¹⁴C radiolabeled.

12) A method of screening a candidate compound for the ability to bindto a receptor using a radiolabeled compound of the above 11), comprisinga) introducing a fixed concentration of the radiolabeled compound to thereceptor to form a mixture; b) titrating the mixture with a candidatecompound; and c) determining the binding of the candidate compound tosaid receptor.

13) Use of a compound of Formula I as described in any one of theabove 1) to 3) in the manufacture of a medicament for the treating,preventing or ameliorating stroke, neuronal damage resulting from headtrauma, epilepsy, pain, migraine, a mood disorder, schizophrenia, aneurodegenerative disorder, depression, anxiety, a psychosis,hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia in a mammal.

14) Use of a compound of Formula I as described in any one of theabove 1) to 3) in the manufacture of a medicament for the treating,preventing or ameliorating pain selected from chronic pain, acute pain,and surgical pain.

15) A pharmaceutical composition for modulating calcium channels in amammal, comprising the compound having the Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug or a solvate thereof,wherein:

Y is CO or SO_(m);

Z is hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, optionallysubstituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted lower alkynyl,optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted bicycloalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵, COR⁵ or CONR⁵R⁶;

R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedcycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheterocyclyl, cyano, COR⁵, or CONR⁵R⁶, or

R¹ and R² taken together, with the carbon atom to which they areattached, form optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedbicycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl or optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl;

R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedbicycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionallysubstituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl;

each X is independently ═O, optionally substituted lower alkyl,optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substituted loweralkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵, COR⁵, COOR^(S),CONR⁵R⁶, NR⁵COR⁵, OCOR⁵, SOR⁵, SO₂R⁵, SO₃R⁵, SONR⁵R⁶, SO₂NR⁵R⁶, NR⁵SOR⁵,or NR⁵SO₂R⁵;

m is 1 or 2;

p is 0, 1 or 2; and

q is 0 or 1;

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

16) A method of treating, preventing or ameliorating a disorderresponsive to the blockade of calcium channels in a mammal sufferingfrom said disorder, comprising administering to a mammal in need of suchtreatment, prevention or amelioration an effective amount of a compoundof the above 15).

17) The method of the above 16), wherein a disorder responsive to theblockade of N-type calcium channels is treated, prevented orameliorated.

18) A method for method for treating, preventing or ameliorating stroke,neuronal damage resulting from head trauma, epilepsy, pain, migraine, amood disorder, schizophrenia, a neurodegenerative disorder, depression,anxiety, a psychosis, hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia in a mammal,comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the above15).

19) The method of the above 18), wherein the method is for treating,preventing or ameliorating pain selected from the group consisting ofchronic pain, acute pain, and surgical pain.

20) A method of modulating calcium channels in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal at least one compound the above 15).

21) The method of the above 20), wherein the N-type calcium channel ismodulated.

22) A method of screening a candidate compound for the ability to bindto a receptor using a radiolabeled compound of the above 15), comprisinga) introducing a fixed concentration of the radiolabeled compound to thereceptor to form a mixture; b) titrating the mixture with a candidatecompound; and c) determining the binding of the candidate compound tosaid receptor.

23) Use of a compound of the above 15) in the manufacture of amedicament for the treating, preventing or ameliorating stroke, neuronaldamage resulting from head trauma, epilepsy, pain, migraine, a mooddisorder, schizophrenia, a neurodegenerative disorder, depression,anxiety, a psychosis, hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia in a mammal.

24) Use of a compound of the above 15) in the manufacture of amedicament for the treating, preventing or ameliorating pain selectedfrom the group consisting of chronic pain, acute pain, and surgicalpain.

25) A kit comprising a container containing an effective amount of thecompound or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of the compound ofthe above 1).

In the present specification, the term “halogen” includes fluorine,chlorine, bromine and iodine. Fluorine or chlorine is preferable. Thehalogen parts of “halo(lower)alkyl”, “halo(lower)alkoxy” and “haloacyl”are the same as the above “halogen”

The term “lower alkyl” includes straight or branched chain alkyl having1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms and most preferably1 to 3 carbon atoms. For example, included are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl,isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, n-octyl,isooctyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like.

The optional substituents in “optionally substituted lower alkyl”,include

1) halogen,2) hydroxy,3) carboxy,4) mercapto,5) cyano,5) lower alkoxy optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A and Group C,6) acyl optionally substituted with at least one substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,7) acyloxy optionally substituted with at least one substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C8) lower alkoxycarbonyl optionally substituted with at least onesubstituent selected from the group consisting of Group A and Group C,9) aryloxycarbonyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,10) lower alkylthio optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A and Group C,11) lower alkylsulfonyl optionally substituted with at least onesubstituent selected from the Group A and Group C,12) amino optionally substituted with at least one substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C13) imino optionally substituted with at least one substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,14) carbamoyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group B and Group C,15) carbamoyloxy optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group B and Group C,16) thiocarbamoyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group B and Group C,17) cycloalkyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,18) cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,19) aryl optionally substituted with at least one substituent selectedfrom the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,20) heterocyclyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B, Group C and oxo,21) aryloxy optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,22) arylthio optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,23) cycloalkylsulfonyl optionally substituted with at least onesubstituent selected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B andGroup C,24) arylsulfonyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B and Group C,25) heterocyclylsulfonyl optionally substituted with at least onesubstituent selected from the group consisting of Group A, Group B,Group C, and oxo and the like.

Group A includes hydroxy, halogen, lower alkoxy, halo(lower)alkoxy,hydroxy(lower)alkoxy, aryl(lower)alkoxy, acyl, haloacyl, aminoacyl,acyloxy, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, lower alkylcarbamoyl,and optionally substituted amino, wherein the substituents are selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, lower alkyl,hydroxy(lower)alkyl, lower alkoxy(lower)alkyl, acyl, cycloalkyl, aryland heterocyclyl.

Group B includes lower alkyl, halo(lower)alkyl, hydroxy(lower)alkyl,lower alkoxy(lower)alkyl, amino(lower)alkyl, loweralkylamino(lower)alkyl, aryl(lower)alkyl and heterocyclyl(lower)alkyl.

Group C includes optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl and optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl, wherein the substituents are selected from thegroup consisting of Group A, Group B and oxo.

The term “optionally substituted lower alkyl” refers to a lower alkylthat can be substituted with one or more of the above-mentionedsubstituents at any possible positions.

The lower alkyl parts of “lower alkoxy”, “lower alkoxycarbonyl”, “loweralkylsulfonyl”, “lower alkylthio”, “halo(lower)alkyl”,“hydroxy(lower)alkyl”, “amino(lower)alkyl”, “lower alkylamino”, “loweralkylamino(lower)alkyl”, “aryl(lower)alkyl”, “halo(lower)alkoxy”,“hydroxy(lower)alkoxy”, “lower alkoxy(lower)alkyl”, “aryl(lower)alkoxy”,“lower alkylcarbamoyl”, “heterocyclyl(lower)alkyl”, and “loweralkylenedioxy” are as defined for “lower alkyl”.

The optional substituents in “optionally substituted lower alkoxy”include those defined for “optionally substituted lower alkyl”.

The term “lower alkenyl” refers to straight or branched chain alkenyl of2 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 3to 6 carbon atoms having at least one double bond at any possiblepositions. For example, useful lower alkenyl groups include vinyl,propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, prenyl, butadienyl,pentenyl, isopentenyl, pentadienyl, hexenyl, isohexenyl, hexadienyl,heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl and the like.

The optional substituents in “optionally substituted lower alkenyl” and“optionally substituted lower alkynyl” include those defined for“optionally substituted lower alkyl”.

The term “lower alkynyl” refers to straight or branched chain alkenyl of2 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 3to 6 carbon atoms having at least one triple bond at any possiblepositions. Furthermore, “lower alkynyl” can have at least one doublebond at any possible positions. Suitable lower alkynyl groups are, forexample, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl,octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl and the like.

Substituents for “optionally substituted lower alkynyl” are thosedefined for “optionally substituted lower alkyl”.

The term “acyl” refers to straight or branched chain aliphatic acylhaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, morepreferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cyclic aliphatic acyl having 4 to 9carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 7 carbon atoms, aroyl andheterocyclylcarbonyl. Suitable acyl groups include, for example, formyl,acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, valeryl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl,acryloyl, propioloyl, methacryloyl, crotonoyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl,cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclooctylcarbonyl, benzoyl, pyridinecarbonyl,pyrimidinecarbonyl, piperidincarbonyl, piperazinocarbonyl,morphorinocarbonyl and the like.

The acyl part in “acyloxy” “haloacyl” and “aminoacyl” is that definedfor “acyl”.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a carbocycle having 3 to 8 carbon atoms,and includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and the like.

Examples of substituents for “optionally substituted cycloalkyl” are

1) lower alkyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A and Group C, and2) the same as those defined for “optionally substituted lower alkyl”.

The term “optionally substituted cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyldefined above that can be substituted with one or more of thesesubstituents.

The cycloalkyl part of “cycloalkylsulfonyl” is as defined for“cycloalkyl”.

The term “bicycloalkyl” refers to a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring systemhaving from 6 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkylring. Examples of bicycloalkyl groups are indanyl, norbornyl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl,perhydronaphthyl, and the like.

Examples of substituents for “optionally substituted bicycloalkyl” arethe same as those for the above “optionally substituted cycloalkyl.”

The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a group having at least one doublebond at any possible positions in the above “cycloalkyl”. Examples arecyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl andcyclohexadienyl. Substituents for “optionally substituted cycloalkenyl”are those defined for “optionally substituted cycloalkyl.”

As substituents for “optionally substituted amino”, exemplified are

1) lower alkyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the group consisting of Group A and Group C, and2) the same as those defined for “optionally substituted lower alkyl”.The term “lower alkylamino” includes mono-alkylamino and di-alkylamino.The term “aryl” includes phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, indenyland the like. Phenyl is preferable.

The aryl parts of “aryloxy”, “aryloxycarbonyl”, “arylthio”,“arylsulfonyl”, “aryl(lower)alkyl”, and “aryl(lower)alkoxy” are the sameas the above “aryl”.

The terms “heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” refer to a heterocyclic groupcontaining at least one heteroatom arbitrarily selected from the groupconsisting of O, S and N. Suitable heterocyclyl groups are, for example,5- or 6-membered heteroaryl groups, such as pyrrolyl, imidazolyl,pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, isoxazolyl,oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furyl andthienyl; fused heterocyclyl groups having two rings, such as indolyl,isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, quinolyl,isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl,quinoxalinyl, purinyl, pteridinyl, benzopyranyl, benzimidazolyl,benzisoxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl,benzothienyl, benzotriazolyl, imidazopyridyl, triazoropyridyl,imidazothiazolyl, pyrazinopyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl,isoquinolyl, naphthyridinyl, dihydropyridyl, tetrahydroquinolyl andtetrahydrobenzothienyl; fused heterocyclyl groups having three ringssuch as carbazolyl, acridinyl, xanthenyl, phenothiazinyl,phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl and dibenzofuryl; and non-aromaticheterocyclyl such as dioxanyl, thiiranyl, oxiranyl, oxathiolanyl,azetidinyl, thianyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, morpholino, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholino,dihydropyridyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiazolyland tetrahydroisothiazolyl.

The heterocyclyl parts of “heterocyclyl(lower)alkyl” and“heterocyclylsulfonyl” are the same as the above “heterocyclyl”.

Examples of the substituents for “optionally substituted aryl” and“optionally substituted heterocyclyl” are

1) the same as those for the above “optionally substituted lower alkyl”,2) lower alkyl optionally substituted with at least one substituentselected from the Group A and Group C,3) oxo and4) lower alkylenedioxy.

These substituents may attach to one or more of any possible positions.

The phrase “R¹ and R² taken together, with the carbon atom to which theyare attached, form optionally substituted cycloalkane, optionallysubstituted cycloalkene, optionally substituted bicycloalkane, oroptionally substituted heterocycle” means

or the like. These cycloalkane, cycloalkene, bicycloalkane, andheterocycle may be substituted with the substituents described in theabove “optionally substituted cycloalkyl”, “optionally substitutedcycloalkenyl”, “optionally substituted bicycloalkyl”, “optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl”, respectively.

When p is 2, each X can be the same or different

In one embodiment, preferable Oxyimino Compounds are the compounds ofthe following Formula I″:

wherein ═CR¹R² is selected from the group consisting of:

In another embodiment, useful compounds of the Formula I″ include thosewherein

(hereinafter referred to as Xpq) is one of the followings:

In another embodiment, useful compounds of the Formula I″ include thosewherein Y—Z is one of the followings:

In another embodiment, useful compounds of the Formula I′ include thosewherein the combination of ═CR¹R², Xpq, and Y—Z(═CR¹R², Xpq, Y—Z) is oneof the followings:

(Ca,Ra,YZa),(Ca,Ra,YZb),(Ca,Ra,YZc),(Ca,Ra,YZd),(Ca,Ra,YZe),(Ca,Ra,YZf),(Ca,Ra,YZg),(Ca,Ra,YZh),(Ca,Ra,YZi),(Ca,Ra,YZj),(Ca,Ra,YZk),(Ca,Ra,YZl),(Ca,Ra,YZm)(Ca,Ra,YZn),(Ca,Ra,YZo),(Ca,Ra,YZp),(Ca,Ra,YZq),(Ca,Ra,YZr),(Ca,Ra,YZs),(Ca,Ra,YZt),(Ca,Ra,YZu),(Ca,Ra,YZv),(Ca,Ra,YZw),(Ca,Ra,YZx),(Ca,Ra,YZy),(Ca,Ra,YZz),(Ca,Ra,YZaa),(Ca,Ra,YZab),(Ca,Ra,YZac),(Ca,Ra,YZad),(Ca,Ra,YZae),(Ca,Ra,YZaf),(Ca,Ra,YZag),(Ca,Rb,YZa),(Ca,Rb,YZb),(Ca,Rb,YZc),(Ca,Rb,YZd),(Ca,Rb,YZe),(Ca,Rb,YZf),(Ca,Rb,YZg),(Ca,Rb,YZh),(Ca,Rb,YZi),(Ca,Rb,YZj),(Ca,Rb,YZk),(Ca,Rb,YZl),(Ca,Rb,YZm),(Ca,Rb,YZn),(Ca,Rb,YZo), (Ca,Rb,YZp),(Ca,Rb,YZq),(Ca,Rb,YZr),(Ca,Rb,YZs),(Ca,Rb,YZt), 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(Cap,Rb,YZq),(Cap,Rb,YZr),(Cap,Rb,YZs),(Cap,Rb,YZt),(Cap,Rb,YZu),(Cap,Rb,YZv),(Cap,Rb,YZw),(Cap,Rb,YZx),(Cap,Rb,YZy),(Cap,Rb,YZz),(Cap,Rb,YZaa),(Cap,Rb,YZab),(Cap,Rb,YZac),(Cap,Rb,YZad),(Cap,Rb,YZae),(Cap,Rb,YZaf),(Cap,Rb,YZag),(Cap,Rc,YZa),(Cap,Rc,YZb),(Cap,Rc,YZc),(Cap,Rc,YZd),(Cap,Rc,YZe),(Cap,Rc,YZf),(Cap,Rc,YZg),(Cap,Rc,YZh)(Cap,Rc,YZi),(Cap,Rc,YZj),(Cap,Rc,YZk),(Cap,Rc,YZl),(Cap,Rc,YZm),(Cap,Rc,YZn),(Cap,Rc,YZo),(Cap,Rc,YZp),(Cap,Rc,YZq),(Cap,Rc,YZr),(Cap,Rc,YZs),(Cap,Rc,YZt),(Cap,Rc,YZu),(Cap,Rc,YZv),(Cap,Rc,YZw),(Cap,Rc,YZx),(Cap,Rc,YZy),(Cap,Rc,YZz),(Cap,Rc,YZaa),(Cap,Rc,YZab),(Cap,Rc,YZac),(Cap,Rc,YZad),(Cap,Rc,YZae),(Cap,Rc,YZaf),(Cap,Rc,YZag),(Cap,Rd,YZa),(Cap,Rd,YZb),(Cap,Rd,YZc),(Cap,Rd,YZd),(Cap,Rd,YZe),(Cap,Rd,YZf),(Cap,Rd,YZg),(Cap,Rd,YZl),(Cap,Rd,YZi),(Cap,Rd,YZj),(Cap,Rd,YZk),(Cap,Rd,YZl),(Cap,Rd,YZm),(Cap,Rd,YZn),(Cap,Rd,YZo),(Cap,Rd,YZp),(Cap,Rd,YZq),(Cap,Rd,YZr),(Cap,Rd,YZs),(Cap,Rd,YZt),(Cap,Rd,YZu),(Cap,Rd,YZv),(Cap,Rd,YZw),(Cap,Rd,YZx),(Cap,Rd,YZy),(Cap,Rd,YZz),(Cap,Rd,YZaa),(Cap,Rd,YZab),(Cap,Rd,YZac),(Cap,Rd,YZad),(Cap,Rd,YZae),(Cap,Rd,YZaf),(Cap,Rd,YZag),(Cap,Re,YZa),(Cap,Re,YZb),(Cap,Re,YZc),(Cap,Re,YZd),(Cap,Re,YZe),(Cap,Re,YZf),(Cap,Re,YZg),(Cap,Re,YZh),(Cap,Re,YZi),(Cap,Re,YZj),(Cap,Re,YZk),(Cap,Re,YZl),(Cap,Re,YZm),(Cap,Re,YZn),(Cap,Re,YZo),(Cap,Re,YZp),(Cap,Re,YZq),(Cap,Re,YZr),(Cap,Re,YZs),(Cap,Re,YZt),(Cap,Re,YZu),(Cap,Re,YZv),(Cap,Re,YZw),(Cap,Re,YZx),(Cap,Re,YZy),(Cap,Re,YZz),(Cap,Re,YZaa),(Cap,Re,YZab),(Cap,Re,YZac),(Cap,Re,YZad),(Cap,Re,YZae),(Cap,Re,YZaf), and (Cap,Re,YZag).

Exemplary preferred compounds useful in the present invention include:

-   (E)-3-((1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)methyl)benzonitrile;-   3-(cyclopropyl(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)methyl)benzonitrile;-   bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanone    O-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl oxime; and-   (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)ethyl)benzonitrile.

The invention disclosed herein is also meant to encompass prodrugs ofthe disclosed compounds. Prodrugs are considered to be any covalentlybonded carriers that release the active parent drug in vivo.Non-limiting examples of prodrugs include esters or amides of compoundsof Formula I, I′, or I″ having hydroxy or amino as a substituent, andthese can be prepared by reacting such compounds with anhydrides such assuccinic anhydride.

The invention disclosed herein is also meant to encompass the disclosedcompounds being isotopically-labelled by having one or more atomsreplaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number.Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosedcompounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N,¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively, and preferably ³H,¹¹C, and ¹⁴C. Isotopically-labeled compounds of the present inventioncan be prepared by methods known in the art.

The present invention is also directed specifically to ³H, ¹¹C, and ¹⁴Cradiolabeled compounds of Formula I, I′, or I″ as well as theirpharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates, and the use ofany such compounds as radioligands for their binding site on the calciumchannel. For example, one use of the labeled compounds of the presentinvention is the characterization of specific receptor binding. Anotheruse of the labeled compounds of the present invention is an alternativeto animal testing for the evaluation of structure-activityrelationships. For example, the receptor assay may be performed at afixed concentration of a labeled compound of Formula I, I′ or I″ and atincreasing concentrations of a test compound in a competition assay. Forexample, tritiated compounds of any of Formula I, I′ or I″ can beprepared by introducing tritium into the particular compound of FormulaI, I′ or I′″, for example, by catalytic dehalogenation with tritium.This method may include reacting a suitably halogen-substitutedprecursor of a compound of Formula I, I′ or I″ with tritium gas in thepresence of a suitable catalyst, for example, Pd/C, in the presence orabsence of a base. Other suitable methods for preparing tritiatedcompounds can be found in Filer, Isotopes in the Physical and BiomedicalSciences, Vol. 1, Labeled Compounds (Part A), Chapter 6 (1987).¹⁴C-labeled compounds can be prepared by employing starting materialshaving a ¹⁴C carbon.

Some of the compounds disclosed herein may contain one or moreasymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers,and other stereoisomeric forms. The present invention is meant toencompass the uses of all such possible forms, as well as their racemicand resolved forms and mixtures thereof. The individual enantiomers maybe separated according to methods known to those of ordinary skill inthe art in view of the present disclosure. When the compounds describedherein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometricasymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that theyinclude both E and Z geometric isomers. All tautomers are intended to beencompassed by the present invention as well.

As used herein, the term “stereoisomers” is a general term for allisomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation oftheir atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compoundswith more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of oneanother (diastereomers).

The term “chiral center” refers to a carbon atom to which four differentgroups are attached.

The terms “enantiomer” and “enantiomeric” refer to a molecule thatcannot be superimposed on its mirror image and hence is optically activewherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in onedirection and its mirror image compound rotates the plane of polarizedlight in the opposite direction.

The term “racemic” refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers andwhich mixture is optically inactive.

The term “resolution” refers to the separation or concentration ordepletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule.

The terms “a” and “an” refer to one or more.

The invention disclosed herein also encompasses the use of all salts ofthe disclosed compounds, including all non-toxic pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof of the disclosed compounds. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic and organicacid addition salts and basic salts. The pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include, but are not limited to, metal salts such as sodium salt,potassium salt, cesium salt and the like; alkaline earth metals such ascalcium salt, magnesium salt and the like; organic amine salts such astriethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt,triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine salt and the like; inorganic acid saltssuch as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydrofluoride, phosphate, sulfate,nitrate and the like; organic acid salts such as citrate, lactate,tartrate, maleate, fumarate, mandelate, acetate, dichloroacetate,trifluoroacetate, oxalate, formate, succinate, and the like; sulfonatessuch as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and thelike; and amino acid salts such as arginate, asparginate, glutamate andhe like.

Acid addition salts can be formed by mixing a solution of the particularcompound of the present invention with a solution of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable non-toxic acid such as hydrochloric acid, fumaric acid,maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid,carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, dichloroacetic acid, andthe like. Basic salts can be formed by mixing a solution of theparticular compound of the present invention with a solution of apharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic base such as sodium hydroxide,potassium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, sodium carbonate and the like.

The invention disclosed herein is also meant to encompass solvates ofthe disclosed compounds. One type of solvate is a hydrate. Solvatestypically do not contribute significantly to the physiological activityor toxicity of the compounds and as such can function as pharmacologicalequivalents.

Some compounds of the present invention may have one or more of thefollowing characteristics:

high affinity for calcium (Ca²⁺) channels, especially N-type calciumchannels,

high selectivity to calcium (Ca²⁺) channels, especially N-type calciumchannels versus other channels,

reduced side effect,

high stability

high oral absorbability,

high bioavailability,

low clearance,

easily transfers to brain

long half-life,

long efficacy of a medicine and/or

high protein-unbound fraction.

These compounds are considered useful as blockers of calcium(Ca²⁺)channels, especially N-type calcium channels.

Since compounds of Formula I, I′ or I″ are blockers of calcium (Ca²⁺)channels, a number of diseases and conditions mediated by calcium ioninflux can be treated by employing these compounds. Therefore, thepresent invention provides a method of treating, preventing orameliorating stroke, neuronal damage resulting from head trauma,epilepsy, pain (e.g., acute pain, chronic pain, which includes but isnot limited to, neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain or surgicalpain), migraine, a mood disorder, schizophrenia, a neurodegenerativedisorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS), or Parkinson's disease), depression, anxiety, a psychosis,hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmia. In one embodiment, the inventionprovides a method of treating pain. In another embodiment, the type ofpain treated is chronic pain. In another embodiment, the type of paintreated is neuropathic pain. In another embodiment, the type of paintreated is inflammatory pain. In another embodiment, the type of paintreated is acute pain. In each instance, such method of treatment,prevention, or amelioration require administering to an animal in needof such treatment, prevention or amelioration an amount of a compound ofthe present invention that is therapeutically effective in achievingsaid treatment, prevention or amelioration. In one embodiment, theamount of such compound is the amount that is effective as to blockcalcium channels in vivo.

Chronic pain includes, but is not limited to, neuropathic pain,inflammatory pain, postoperative pain, cancer pain, osteoarthritis painassociated with metastatic cancer, trigeminal neuralgia, acute herpeticand postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, causalgia, brachialplexus avulsion, occipital neuralgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy,fibromyalgia, gout, phantom limb pain, burn pain, and other forms ofneuralgia, neuropathic, and idiopathic pain syndromes.

Chronic somatic pain generally results from inflammatory responses totissue injury such as nerve entrapment, surgical procedures, cancer orarthritis (Brower, Nature Biotechnology 2000; 18: 387-391).

The inflammatory process is a complex series of biochemical and cellularevents activated in response to tissue injury or the presence of foreignsubstances (Levine, Inflammatory Pain, In: Textbook of Pain, Wall andMelzack eds., 3^(rd) ed., 1994).

Inflammation often occurs at the site of injured tissue, or foreignmaterial, and contributes to the process of tissue repair and healing.The cardinal signs of inflammation include erythema (redness), heat,edema (swelling), pain and loss of function (ibid.). The majority ofpatients with inflammatory pain do not experience pain continually, butrather experience enhanced pain when the inflamed site is moved ortouched. Inflammatory pain includes, but is not limited to,osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Chronic neuropathic pain is a heterogenous disease state with an unclearetiology. In chronic neuropathic pain, the pain can be mediated bymultiple mechanisms. This type of pain generally arises from injury tothe peripheral or central nervous tissue. The syndromes include painassociated with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, post-herpeticneuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, causalgia, and reflexsympathetic dystrophy and lower back pain. The chronic pain is differentfrom acute pain in that patients suffer the abnormal pain sensationsthat can be described as spontaneous pain, continuous superficialburning and/or deep aching pain. The pain can be evoked by heat-, cold-,and mechano-hyperalgesia or by heat-, cold-, or mechano-allodynia.

Neuropathic pain can be caused by injury or infection of peripheralsensory nerves. It includes, but is not limited to, pain from peripheralnerve trauma, herpes virus infection, diabetes mellitus, causalgia,plexus avulsion, neuroma, limb amputation, and vasculitis. Neuropathicpain is also caused by nerve damage from chronic alcoholism, humanimmunodeficiency virus infection, hypothyroidism, uremia, or vitamindeficiencies. Stroke (spinal or brain) and spinal cord injury can alsoinduce neuropathic pain. Cancer-related neuropathic pain results fromtumor growth compression of adjacent nerves, brain, or spinal cord. Inaddition, cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiationtherapy, can also cause nerve injury. Neuropathic pain includes but isnot limited to pain caused by nerve injury such as, for example, thepain from which diabetics suffer

The present invention is also directed more generally to a method fortreating a disorder responsive to the blockade of calcium channels, andparticularly the selective blockade of N-type calcium channels, in ananimal suffering from said disorder, said method comprisingadministering to the animal an effective amount of a compoundrepresented by any of defined Formula I, I′ or I″, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof.

The present invention is also directed to the use of a compoundrepresented by any of defined Formula I, I′ or I″, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of amedicament for treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of calciumchannels in an animal suffering from said disorder. In one embodiment,the disorder is responsive to the selective blockade of N-type calciumchannels.

Furthermore, the present invention is directed to a method of modulatingcalcium channels, especially N-type calcium channels, in an animal inneed thereof, said method comprising administering to the animal atleast one compound represented by any of defined Formula I, I′ or I″, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof.

The present invention is also directed to the use of a compoundrepresented by any of defined Formula I, I′ or I″, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of amedicament for modulating calcium channels, especially N-type calciumchannels, in an animal in need thereof.

Synthesis of Compounds

The compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a number ofways well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Thecompounds of the present invention can be synthesized using the methodsoutlined below, together with methods known in the art of syntheticorganic chemistry, or variations thereof as appreciated by those skilledin the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, thosedescribed below. The novel compounds of Formula I, I′, or I″ can beprepared using the reactions and techniques described in this section.The reactions are performed in solvents appropriate to the reagents andmaterials employed and suitable for the transformations being effected.Also, in the synthetic methods described below, it is to be understoodthat all proposed reaction conditions, including choice of solvent,reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of experiment andwork-up procedures, are chosen to be conditions of standard for thatreaction, which should be readily recognized by one skilled in the art.It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that thefunctionality present on various portions of the starting molecule in areaction must be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed.Not all compounds of formula (I) falling into a given class may becompatible with some of the reaction conditions required in some of themethods described. Such restrictions to the substituents which arecompatible with the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to oneskilled in the art and alternative methods can be used. The compounds offormula (I) can be prepared by techniques and procedures readilyavailable to one skilled in the art, for example by following theprocedures as set forth in the following Schemes. These Schemes are notintended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Allsubstituents, unless otherwise indicated, are previously defined. Thereagents and starting materials are readily available to one skilled inthe art.

Purity of compounds was verified by LCMS measurement. LCMS methods areas follows;

(Method A) Column: Phenomemex Luna C18 (4.6×50 mm, 5 micron particlesize), Temperature: 50° C., Pressure limit: 400 bar, Monitored at OD 254nm, reference 360 nm, Flow rate: 2 ml/min.

HPLC Gradient (Buffer A=0.1% HCO₂H/H₂O, Buffer B=0.1% HCO₂H/CH₃CN)

Time (min.) % B 0 15 1.9 45 4.3 45 8.3 95 11.3 95 11.4 15 15.4 15

(Method B) Column: Discovery HS C18 (4.6×150 mm, 3 micron particlesize), Temperature: 25° C., Pressure limit: 400 bar, Monitored at OD 260nm, reference 360 nm, Flow rate: 1 ml/min.

HPLC Gradient (Buffer A=0.1% TFA/H₂O, Buffer B=0.1% TFA/CH₃CN)

Time (min.) % B 0 15 1.9 45 4.3 45 8.3 95 11.3 95 11.4 15 15.4 15

(Method C) Column: Phenomemex Luna C18 (4.6×50 mm, 5 micron particlesize), Temperature: 50° C., Pressure limit: 344.75 bar, Monitored at OD254 nm, Flow rate: 3 ml/min.

HPLC Gradient (Buffer A=0.1% HCO₂H/H₂O, Buffer B=0.1% HCO₂H/CH₃CN)

Time (min.) % B 0 10 3.0 100 4.0 100

In order to generate compounds of general formula (I) a multi-stepreaction sequence as described in Scheme 1 may be employed. Herein, asuitably N-protected 4-hydroxypiperidine or the corresponding equivalent(1a) is reacted with a suitably N-protected hydroxylamine. Typically thereaction is effected using standard “Mitsunobu-reaction” conditions,familiar to one skilled in the art, such as diethylazodicarboxylate/triphenylphosphine. Deprotection of P₁ group of thecompound (1b) may be accomplished using standard conditions, familiar toone skilled in the art. The acid (Z—Y—OH, Y: C═O), acid chloride(Z—Y—Cl, Y: C═O), acid anhydride (Z—Y—Z, Y: C═O) or sulfonyl chloride(Z—Y—Cl, Y: S═O) may be coupled with amine (1c) by using standardconditions, familiar to one skilled in the art. Deprotection of P₂ groupof the compound (1d) may be accomplished using standard conditions,familiar to one skilled in the art. The resultant hydroxylamine (1e) maythen be coupled with the carbonyl compound in a suitable solvent such asethanol (EtOH) to yield the desired oxime (I). A catalyst such as aceticacid and/or elevated reaction temperature may promote this reaction.

wherein P₁ and P₂ are each independently an amino protecting group suchas t-butoxycarbonyl and the like and P₃ is hydrogen, or P₂ and P₃ takentogether, with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, formphthalimide and the like, and the other symbols are the same as definedabove.

An alternative way of preparing some of the compounds of the presentinvention is detailed in Scheme 2.

wherein P₂ is an amino protecting group such as t-butoxycarbonyl and thelike and P₃ is hydrogen, or P₂ and P₃ taken together, with the nitrogenatom to which they are attached, form phthalimide and the like, and theother symbols are the same as defined above.

As an alternative to Scheme 1, Scheme 2 employs a piperidone or thecorresponding equivalent (2a), which may be coupled with the acidchloride (Z—Y—Cl, Y: C═O), acid anhydride (Z—Y—Z, Y: C═O) or sulfonylchloride (Z—Y—Cl, Y: S═O) by using standard conditions, familiar to oneskilled in the art. The resultant ketone (2b) can then be reduced to thealcohol (2c). Any conventional method of reducing a ketone to an alcoholmay be utilized to effect this conversion. The resulting alcohol reactswith a suitably N-protected hydroxylamine, whereby P₂ is, for example,tert-butoxycarbonyl. Typically the reaction is effected using standard“Mitsunobu-reaction” conditions, familiar to one skilled in the art,such as diethyl azodicarboxylate/triphenylphosphine. The resultantcompound (1d) can be transformed to the compounds of formula (I) in ananalogous manner to previously described in Scheme 1.

Testing of Compounds

Representative compounds of the present invention were assessed bycalcium mobilization and/or electrophysiological assays for calciumchannel blocker activity. One aspect of the present invention is basedon the use of the compounds herein described as N-type calcium channelblockers. In one aspect of the present invention, it has been found thatcertain compounds herein described show selectivity as N-type calciumchannel blockers. Based upon this property, these compounds areconsidered useful in treating, preventing, or ameliorating migraine,epilepsy, a mood disorder, schizophrenia, a neurodegenerative disorder(such as, e.g., Alzheimer's disease, ALS, or Parkinson's disease), apsychosis, depression, anxiety, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmia. Thecompounds of the present invention are also expected to be effective intreating, preventing or ameliorating pain, such as acute pain, chronicpain, which includes but is not limited to, neuropathic pain andinflammatory pain or surgical pain.

More specifically, the present invention is directed to compounds ofFormula I, I′ or I″ that are blockers of calcium channels. According tothe present invention, those compounds having preferred N-type calciumchannel blocking properties exhibit an IC₅₀ of about 100 μM or less inthe calcium mobilization and/or electrophysiological assays describedherein. Preferably, the compounds of the present invention exhibit anIC₅₀ of 10 or less. Most preferably, the compounds of the presentinvention exhibit an IC₅₀ of about 1.0 μM or less. Compounds of thepresent invention can be tested for their N-type and L-type Ca²⁺ channelblocking activity by the following calcium mobilization and/orelectrophysiological assays.

In one embodiment, compounds useful in the present invention are thoserepresented by any one of Formula I, I′ or I″ that exhibit selectivityfor N-type calcium channels over L-type calcium channels in the calciummobilization and/or electrophysiological assays described herein. Thephrase “selectivity for N-type calcium channels over L-type calciumchannels” is used herein to mean that the ratio of an IC₅₀ for L-typechannel blocking activity for a compound of the present invention overan IC₅₀ for N-type channel blocking activity for the same compound ismore than 1, i.e., LTCC IC₅₀/NTCC IC₅₀>1. Preferably, compounds of thepresent invention exhibit an LTCC IC₅₀ NTCC IC₅₀ ratio of about 2 ormore, about 10 or more, about 20 or more, about 30 or more, about 50 ormore, or about 100 or more.

Calcium Mobilization and Electrophysiological Assay Protocols:

Cell maintenance and differentiation. Unless noted otherwise, cellculture reagents were purchased from Mediatech of Herndon, Md. IMR32cells (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC, Manassas, Va.) wereroutinely cultured in growth medium consisting of minimum essentialmedium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone, Logan, Utah),100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mMsodium pyruvate, and 1×MEM non-essential amino acids. 80-90% confluentflasks of cells were differentiated using the following differentiationmedium: Growth medium plus 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Sigma, St. Louis,Mo.), and 2.5 μM bromodeoxyuridine (Sigma). Cells were differentiatedfor 8 days by replacing differentiation medium every 2-3 days.

A7r5 (ATCC) cells were maintained and routinely cultured in A7r5 growthmedium consisting of Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium containing 10%FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 4 mM L-glutamine, and0.15% sodium bicarbonate. 80-90% confluent flasks of cells weredifferentiated using the following differentiation medium: A7r5 GrowthMedium plus 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Sigma). Cells were differentiatedfor 8 days by replacing differentiation medium every 2-3 days.

Recombinant human embryonal kidney cells (HEK293, ATCC) stablytransfected with either N-type calcium channel (NTCC) subunits (α1b,α2δ, and (β3) or L-type calcium channel (LTCC) subunits (α1c, α2δ, andβ1) were routinely cultured in growth medium consisting of Dulbecco'sModified Eagles Medium containing 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100μg/mL streptomycin, 4 mM L-glutamine, 500 μg/mL geneticin (G418), 20μg/mL Blasticidin S (InVivogen, San Diego, Calif.) and 500 μg/mL zeocin(InVivogen).

FLIPR Calcium Mobilization Assay for N-type Calcium Channel. One dayprior to performing this assay, differentiated IMR32 cells were treatedwith 1× CellStripper, and seeded on poly-D-lysine-coated 96-wellclear-bottom black plates (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) at200,000 cells/well. On the day of the assay, the cell plates were washedwith IMR32 buffer (127 mM NaCl, 1 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 700 μM NaH₂PO₄, 5mM CaCl₂, 5 mM NaHCO₃, 8 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.4), thenpre-stimulated with KCl and loaded as follows: 0.05 mL of IMR32 buffer,0.05 mL of each compound tested diluted in IMR32 buffer containing 20 μMnitrendipine (Sigma), and 0.1 mL KCl dissolved in IMR32 buffer, plusFluo-4 were added (3 μM final concentration, Molecular Probes, Eugene,Oreg.). Final test compound concentrations ranged from about 846 μM toabout 17 μM, final nitrendipine concentration was 5 μM, and final KClconcentration was 90 mM. After 1 hour, the cells were washed twice with0.05 mL of each compound tested in nitrendipine-containing IMR32 buffer(no KCl or Fluo-4), and then replaced with 0.1 mL of each compoundtested in nitrendipine-containing IMR32 buffer. Plates were thentransferred to a Fluorimetric Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR⁹⁶, MolecularDevices, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif.) for assay. The FLIPR measured basalFluo-4 fluorescence for 315 seconds (i.e., 5 minutes and 15 seconds),then added 0.1 mL KCl agonist dissolved in IMR32 buffer and measuredfluorescence for another 45 seconds. Final test compound concentrationson the cells after FLIPR read ranged from about 846 pM to about 17 μM,final nitrendipine concentration was 5 μM, and final KCl concentrationwas 90 mM. Data were collected over the entire time course and analyzedusing Excel, Graph Pad Prism (version 3.02, Graph Pad, San Diego,Calif.), or an in-house non-linear regression analysis software.

FLIPR Calcium Mobilization Assay for L-type Calcium Channel. One dayprior to performing this assay, HEK293 cells stably expressingrecombinant rat L-type calcium channel (LTCC) subunits (α1c, α2δ, andβ1) were trypsinized, then seeded on poly-D-lysine-coated 96-wellclear-bottom black plates (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) at75,000 cells/well. On the day of the assay, the plates were washed withLTCC wash buffer (127 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 700 μM NaH₂PO₄, 5 mM CaCl₂, 5mM NaHCO₃, 8 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.4), then loaded with 0.1 mLof LTCC wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μM final concentration,Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.). After 1 hour, the cells were washedwith 0.1 mL LTCC wash buffer and resuspended in 0.05 mL LTCC assaybuffer (same composition as LTCC wash buffer). Plates were thentransferred to a FLIPR⁹⁶ for assay. The FLIPR measured basal Fluo-4fluorescence for 15 seconds, then added 0.05 mL of each compound testeddiluted in LTCC assay buffer at final concentrations ranging from about846 pM to about 17 μM. Fluo-4 fluorescence was then measured for 5minutes. 0.1 mL KCl agonist dissolved in LTCC assay buffer was thenadded to the cells to produce a final concentration of 90 mM KCl, andfluorescence was measured for another 45 seconds. Data were collectedover the entire time course and analyzed using Excel, Graph Pad Prism,or an in-house regression analysis software.

Alternative FLIPR Calcium Mobilization Assay for L-type Calcium Channel.Alternatively, the following cell line and procedure may be used for theFLIPR calcium mobilization assay for L-type calcium channel. One dayprior to performing this assay, differentiated A7r5 cells aretrypsinized, then seeded on tissue culture treated 96-well clear-bottomblack plates (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) at a dilution of1:1 from a confluent T150 cm² flask. On the day of the assay, the platesare washed with A7r5 wash buffer (127 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 700 μMNaH₂PO₄, 5 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM NaHCO₃, 8 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.4),then loaded with 0.1 mL of A7r5 wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μMfinal concentration, Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.). After 1 hour, thecells are washed with 0.1 mL A7r5 wash buffer and resuspended in 0.05 mLA7r5 assay buffer that is composed of A7r5 wash buffer plus 50 μMvalinomycin (Sigma). Plates are then transferred to a FLIPR⁹⁶ for assay.The FLIPR measures basal Fluo-4 fluorescence for 15 seconds, then adds0.05 mL of each compound tested diluted in A7r5 assay buffer at finalconcentrations ranging from about 846 pM to about 17 μM. Fluo-4fluorescence is then measured for 5 minutes. 0.1 mL KCl agonistdissolved in A7r5 assay buffer is then added to the cells to produce afinal concentration of 90 mM KCl, and fluorescence was measured foranother 45 seconds. Data were collected over the entire time course andanalyzed using Excel, Graph Pad Prism, or an in-house regressionanalysis software.

Cloning of N- and L-type calcium channel subunit open reading framecDNAs. Five cDNAs encoding subunits of the rat N- or L-type calciumchannels were cloned by PCR amplification in order to reconstitutefunctional channels in a heterologous system. These were the alpha1b(α1b), beta1 (β1), beta3 (β3), alpha2delta (α2δ), and alpha1c (α1c)subunit cDNAs. The alpha1b subunit cDNA has been described by Dubel etal. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 89: 5058-5062 (1992). The beta1subunit cDNA has been described by Pragnell et al. in FEBS Lett. 291:253-258 (1991). The beta3 subunit cDNA has been described by Castellanoet al. in J. Biol. Chem. 268: 12359-12366 (1993). The alpha2deltasubunit cDNA has been described by Kim et al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.U.S.A. 89: 3251-3255 (1992). The alpha1c subunit cDNA has been describedby Koch et al. in J. Biol. Chem. 265: 17786-17791 (1990).

The 7.0 kb cDNA containing the entire α1b open reading frame (ORF) wasPCR amplified as two overlapping cDNA fragments, i.e., a 2.7 kb 5′fragment and a 4.4 kb 3′ fragment. The 5′ fragment was amplified fromrat brain cDNA using primers 1 (SEQ ID NO:1, TABLE 1) and 2 (SEQ IDNO:2, TABLE 1), and the 3′ fragment was amplified from rat spinal cordcDNA using primers 3 (SEQ ID NO:3, TABLE 1) and 4 (SEQ ID NO:4, TABLE1). The two fragments were joined by ligation at a common restrictionsite to create the entire 7.0 kb cDNA. This ORF encodes the proteinisoform generated by alternative splicing termed “+A ΔSFMG ΔET”according to the nomenclature of Lin et al. (Neuron 18: 153-166 (1997)).The entire cDNA was sequenced with redundant coverage on both strands.The cDNA was then inserted into the mammalian expression vectorpcDNA6.2DEST (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.) by homologous recombinationusing the Gateway system (Invitrogen).

The 1.8 kb cDNA encoding the β1 subunit, the 1.45 cDNA encoding thebeta3 subunit, and the 3.3 kb cDNA encoding the alpha2delta subunit werecloned by PCR amplification from rat spinal cord cDNA (β1) or brain cDNA(β3, α2δ). Primers 5 (SEQ ID NO:5, TABLE 1) and 6 (SEQ ID NO:6, TABLE 1)were used for the β1 cDNA amplification; primers 7 (SEQ ID NO:7,TABLE 1) and 8 (SEQ ID NO:8, TABLE 1) were used for the β3 cDNAamplification; and primers 9 (SEQ ID NO:9, TABLE 1) and 10 (SEQ IDNO:10, TABLE 1) were used for the an cDNA amplification. PCR productswere subcloned and fully sequenced on both strands. Clones matching thereference sequence (β1: NM_(—)017346; β3: NM_(—)012828; β2δ: M86621) andthe gene's GenBank rat genomic DNA sequences were recombined into themammalian expression vector pcDNA3.2DEST (β1, β3) or pcDNA3.1-Zeo (β2δ),which had been modified to a vector compatible with the Gatewayrecombination system using the Gateway vector adaptor kit (Invitrogen).Proper recombination was confirmed by sequencing of recombinogenicregions. For β3 expression vector, proper protein expression wasconfirmed by Western blot analysis of lysates of transfected HEK293cells using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum directed against the rat β3subunit (USA Biological).

The 6.5 kb cDNA encoding the L-type calcium channel α1c subunit wascloned by PCR amplification from rat heart cDNA using primers 11 (SEQ IDNO:11, TABLE 1) and 12 (SEQ ID NO:12, TABLE 1). The PCR fragment wassubcloned and fully sequenced on both strands to confirm its identity. Aclone matching consensus reference sequence M59786 and rat genomic DNAsequences was recombined into the mammalian expression vectorpcDNA6.2DEST. Sequences around the recombinogenic region were sequencedto confirm accurate recombination into the expression vector.

TABLE 1 PRIMER SEQUENCE SEQ ID NO. CACC ATG GTC CGC TTC GGG GAC 1 CCGTTC AGT GGC CTC CTC C 2 C TAG CAC CAG TGA TCC TGG TCTG 3 AGT GCG TTG TGAGCG CAG TA 4 CAC CAT GGT CCA GAA GAG CGG 5 TCTCAGCGGATGTAGACGCCT 6 CACCAT GTA TGA CGA CTC CTA C 7 GGT GGT CAG TAG CTG TCC TTA GG 8 CAC CAT GGCTGC TGG CTG CCT 9 AGA GGG TCA CCA TAG ATA GTG TCT G 10CACCATGATTCGGGCCTTCGCT 11 AGCCTGCGGACTACAGGTTGCTGAC 12

N-type Recombinant Cell Line Development. N-type calcium channelexpressing HEK-293 cells were created in two stages. Stage 1 was createdas follows. The rat α1b, and β3 cDNA expression constructs (2.5 μg each)were co-transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells byLipofectamine Plus reagent (Invitrogen), as per manufacturer'sinstructions. 24 hours later, cells were split in limiting dilution intomultiple 96-well plates in selection media containing 20 μg/mLblasticidin and 500 μg/mL geneticin, and incubated for 3 weeks at 37°C., 5% CO₂, 95% humidity. Plates containing ≦1 clone per well werecultured until wells positive for single clones were confluent.Individual clones were then arrayed into columns of a destination96-well plate, and partly split into 6-well plates for culturemaintenance. Array plates were washed once with IMR32 buffer and cellsloaded for 1 hour with 0.1 mL of IMR32 buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μMfinal concentration, Molecular Probes). Then they were washed twice with0.1 mL of IMR32 buffer, and replaced with 0.1 mL IMR32 buffer. Plateswere then transferred to a FLIPR⁹⁶ for assay. The FLIPR measured basalFluo-4 fluorescence for 315 seconds, then added 0.1 mL KCl agonistdissolved in IMR32 buffer and measured fluorescence for another 45seconds. Final KCl concentration was 90 mM. Data were collected over theentire time course and analyzed using Excel, Graph Pad Prism, orActivity Base (version 5.1, IDBS, Parsippany, N.J.) software. The clonewith the greatest signal-to-noise ratio, best stability of response withpassage number, and best adhesion to PDL precoated plates (BectonDickinson) was expanded, characterized and used for stage 2 cell linedevelopment.

Stage 2 of N-type cell line development was carried out as follows. Therat α2δ cDNA expression construct (5 mg each) was transfected into thestage 1 N-type clonal cell line by Lipofectamine Plus reagent(Invitrogen), as per manufacturer's instructions. 24 hours later, cellswere split in limiting dilution into multiple 96-well plates inselection media containing 20 μg/mL blasticidin, 500 μg/mL geneticin,and 250 μg/mL zeocin and incubated for 3 weeks at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 95%humidity. Plates containing ≦1 clone per well were cultured and handledaccording to the same steps and procedures described above for the stage1 cell line. The three clones with the greatest signal-to-noise, beststability of response with passage number, and best adhesion to PDLprecoated plates (Becton Dickinson) were expanded, characterized andtested in electrophysiology for the best current size, N-typepharmacology, N-type characteristic current-voltage relationship andkinetics as described below.

L-type Recombinant Cell Line Development. L-type calcium channelexpressing HEK-293 cells were created in two stages. Stage 1 was createdas follows. The rat α1c, and β1 cDNA expression constructs (2.5 μg each)were co-transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells byLipofectamine Plus reagent (Invitrogen), as per manufacturer'sinstructions. 24 hours later, cells were split in limiting dilution intomultiple 96-well plates in selection media containing 20 μg/mLblasticidin and 500 μg/mL geneticin, and incubated for 3 weeks at 37°C., 5% CO₂, 95% humidity. Plates containing 1 clone per well werecultured until wells positive for single clones were confluent.Individual clones were then arrayed into columns of a destination96-well plate, and partly split into 6-well plates for culturemaintenance. Array plates were washed once with LTCC wash (or assay)buffer and cells loaded for 1 hour with 0.1 mL of LTCC buffer containingFluo-4 (3 μM final concentration, Molecular Probes). Then they werewashed twice with 0.1 mL of LTCC buffer, and replaced with 0.1 mL LTCCbuffer. Plates were then transferred to a FLIPR⁹⁶ for assay. The FLIPRmeasured basal Fluo-4 fluorescence for 315 seconds, then added 0.1 mLKCl agonist dissolved in LTCC buffer and measured fluorescence foranother 45 seconds. Final KCl concentration was 90 mM. Data werecollected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel, GraphPad Prism, or Activity Base software. The clone with the greatestsignal-to-noise ratio, best stability of response with passage number,and best adhesion to PDL precoated plates (Becton Dickinson) wasexpanded, characterized and used for stage 2 cell line development.

Stage 2 of L-type cell line development was carried out as follows. Therat cDNA expression construct (5 μg each) was transfected into the stage1 L-type clonal cell line by Lipofectamine Plus reagent (Invitrogen), asper manufacturer's instructions. 24 hours later, cells were split inlimiting dilution into multiple 96-well plates in selection mediacontaining 20 μg/mL blasticidin, 500 μg/mL geneticin, and 250 μg/mLzeocin and incubated for 3 weeks at 37° C., 5% CO₂, 95% humidity. Platescontaining ≦1 clone per well were cultured and handled according to thesame steps and procedures described above for the stage 1 cell line. Thethree clones with the greatest signal-to-noise, best stability ofresponse with passage number, and best adhesion to PDL precoated plates(Becton Dickinson) were expanded and characterized.

N-type Electrophysiology in Recombinant Cells. For electrophysiologicalrecording, the cells expressing α1b, β3 and α2δ subunits were seeded on35-mm culture Petri dishes at a density of approximately 10⁴ cells/dishand kept in an incubator for up to three days for subsequent recordings.For recordings, the dishes were positioned on the stage of an invertedmicroscope (Nikon, Eclipse E600, Japan) and superfused with a bathsolution comprised of BaCl₂ (11 mM), MgCl₂ (1.5 mM), HEPES (10 mM), TEAchloride (120 mM), glucose (10 mM) adjusted to pH 7.4 with KOH.Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were made using conventionalpatch-clamp techniques (Hamill et al., Pfluegers Arch. 391: 85-100(1981)) at room temperature (22-24° C.). The patch-clamp pipettes werepulled from WPI, thick-walled borosilicate glass (WPI, Sarasota, Fla.).Currents were recorded using an Axopatch 200A amplifier (AxonInstruments, Union City, Calif.) and were leak-subtracted (P/4),low-pass filtered (1 kHz, 4-pole Bessel), digitized (20-50-μsintervals), and stored using Digidata 1200 B interface andPclamp8.0/Clampex software (Axon Instruments, Union City, Calif.). Thepipettes were back-filled with internal solution containing CsCl (110mM), MgCl₂ (3 mM), EGTA (3 mM), HEPES (40 mM), Mg-ATP (4 mM), Na₂GTP(0.5 mM), and adjusted to pH 7.2 with CsOH. The pipette resistanceranged from 2 to 3 MOhm and was compensated by 75-80% by the built-inelectronic circuitry.

Currents were elicited by stepping from a holding potential of −90 mV to0 mV for 20 ms every 20 sec. At the −90 mV membrane voltage about 50% ofchannels were in the inactivated state, and thus contact with a blockerwould involve interaction with both resting and inactivated channels.Every drug was applied at 3 to 4 concentrations increasing in acumulative manner. Fractional inhibition levels in steady-state wereused to draw the partial inhibition concentration curves to get the IC₅₀(i.e. concentration causing 50% reduction in the size of the response)values at −90 mV.

Stock solutions of each test compound were prepared using DMSO. Serialdilutions to desired concentrations were done with bath solution;concentration of DMSO in final solutions was 0.1%. Drugs were applied bygravity flow using a plane multi-barrel array shooter positioned 0.5 mmapart from the cell.

All curve fittings were carried out using Origin software (version 5.0,Microcal). A Hill equation was fit to the concentration-inhibitioncurves to determine IC_(so) values.

N-type Electrophysiology in Neuronal Cells. To determine dissociationconstants in resting versus inactivated state for N-type calciumchannels, neuronal cells that endogenously express N-type calciumchannels can be used. For electrophysiological recording, the neuronalcells expressing N-type calcium channels are seeded on 35-mm culturePetri dishes at a density of approximately 10⁴cells/dish and kept in anincubator for up to three days for subsequent recordings. Forrecordings, the dishes are positioned on the stage of an invertedmicroscope (Nikon, Eclipse E600, Japan) and superfused with a bathsolution comprised of BaCl₂ (11 mM), MgCl₂ (1.5 mM), HEPES (10 mM), TEAchloride (120 mM), glucose (10 mM) adjusted to pH 7.4 with KOH.Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings are made using conventionalpatch-clamp techniques (Hamill et al., Pfluegers Arch. 391: 85-100(1981)) at room temperature (22-24° C.). The patch-clamp pipettes arepulled from WPI, thick-walled borosilicate glass (WPI, Sarasota, Fla.).Currents are recorded using an Axopatch 200A amplifier (AxonInstruments, Union City, Calif.) and leak-subtracted (P/4), low-passfiltered (1 kHz, 4-pole Bessel), digitized (20-50-μs intervals), andstored using Digidata 1200 B interface and Pclamp8.0/Clampex software(Axon Instruments, Union City, Calif.). The pipettes are back-filledwith internal solution containing CsCl (110 mM), MgCl₂ (3 mM), EGTA (3mM), HEPES (40 mM), Mg-ATP (4 mM), Na₂GTP (0.5 mM), and adjusted to pH7.2 with CsOH. The pipette resistance ranges from 2 to 3 MOhm and iscompensated by 75-80% by the built-in electronic circuitry.

Currents are elicited by stepping from a holding potential of −90 mV to0 mV for 20 ms every 10 sec. At the −90 mV membrane voltage a proportionof channels is in the inactivated state, and thus contact with a blockerwould involve interaction with both resting and inactivated channels.This protocol is used as a first tier screen. For dissection of twocomponents of inhibition (resting block with the apparent dissociationconstant K_(r) and inactivated state block with KO, steady-stateinactivation curves are collected using a double-pulse protocol.Three-second long depolarizing pre-pulse incrementing in 10 mV steps isfollowed by a 10 ms test pulse to 0 mV.

Stock solutions of each test compound are prepared using DMSO. Serialdilutions to desired concentrations are done with bath solution;concentration of DMSO in final solutions is 0.1%. Drugs are applied bygravity flow using a plane multi-barrel array shooter positioned ˜1 mmapart from the cell.

All curve fittings can be carried out using Origin software (version5.0, Microcal). A Hill equation is used to fit theconcentration-response curves and to determine IC₅₀ values. A Boltzmanequation is used to fit inactivation curves, returning half-inactivationvoltage, V_(0.5), slope p and the amplitude of current at the mostnegative voltage where eventually all channels are in the resting state.These parameters are used to calculate the apparent dissociationconstants: K_(r)=((Ab/Ac)/(1−(Ab/Ac))*[b]) where [b] is the drugconcentration, Ac is the maximum test current amplitude in controlconditions and Ab is the maximum test current amplitude in the presenceof a blocker; IC; =[b]/((exp(−(dx/p))*(1+([b]/K_(r)))−1) where dx is thedifference between half-inactivation voltage V_(0.5) in the presence andabsence of drug and p is the slope.

In Vivo Pharmacology

The compounds of the present invention can be tested for in vivoanticonvulsant activity after i.v., p.o., or i.p. injection using any ofa number of anticonvulsant tests in mice, including the maximumelectroshock seizure test (MES). Maximum electroshock seizures areinduced in male NSA mice weighing between 15-20 g and in maleSprague-Dawley rats weighing between 200-225 g by application of current(for mice: 50 mA, 60 pulses/sec, 0.8 msec pulse width, 1 sec duration,D.C.; for rats: 99 mA, 125 pulses/sec, 0.8 msec pulse width, 2 secduration, D.C.) using a Ugo Basile ECT device (Model 7801). Mice arerestrained by gripping the loose skin on their dorsal surface andsaline-coated corneal electrodes are held lightly against the twocorneae. Rats are allowed free movement on the bench top and ear-clipelectrodes are used. Current is applied and animals are observed for aperiod of up to 30 seconds for the occurrence of a tonic hindlimbextensor response. A tonic seizure is defined as a hindlimb extension inexcess of 90 degrees from the plane of the body. Results can be treatedin a quantal manner.

The compounds can be tested for their antinociceptive activity in theformalin model as described in Hunskaar, S., O. B. Fasmer, and K. Hole,J. Neurosci. Methods 14: 69-76 (1985). Male Swiss Webster NIH mice(20-30 g; Harlan, San Diego, Calif.) can be used in all experiments.Food is withdrawn on the day of experiment. Mice are placed inPlexiglass jars for at least 1 hour to acclimate to the environment.Following the acclimation period mice are weighed and given either thecompound of interest administered i.p. or p.o., or the appropriatevolume of vehicle (10% Tween-80) as control. Fifteen minutes after thei.p. dosing, and 30 minutes after the p.o. dosing mice are injected withformalin (20 μL of 5% formaldehyde solution in saline) into the dorsalsurface of the right hind paw. Mice are transferred to the Plexiglassjars and monitored for the amount of time spent licking or biting theinjected paw. Periods of licking and biting are recorded in 5-minuteintervals for 1 hour after the formalin injection. All experiments aredone in a blinded manner during the light cycle. The early phase of theformalin response is measured as licking/biting between 0-5 minutes, andthe late phase is measured from 15-50 minutes. Differences betweenvehicle and drug treated groups can be analyzed by one-way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA). A P value <0.05 is considered significant. Compoundsare considered to be efficacious for treating acute and chronic pain ifthey have activity in blocking both the early and second phase offormalin-induced paw-licking activity.

Compounds can be tested for their potential to treat chronic pain (i.e.,antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities) using the Chung model ofperipheral neuropathy (Kim and Chung, Pain 50: 355-363 (1992)). MaleSprague-Dawley rats weighing between 200-225 g are anesthetized withhalothane (1-3% in a mixture of 70% air and 30% oxygen), and their bodytemperature controlled during anesthesia through use of a homeothermicblanket. A 2-cm dorsal midline incision is then made at the L5 and L6level, and the para-vertebral muscle groups retracted bilaterally. L5and L6 spinal nerves are then exposed, isolated, and tightly ligatedwith 6-0 or 7-0 silk suture. A sham operation is performed exposing thecontralateral L5 and L6 spinal nerves, without ligating, as a negativecontrol.

Tactile Allodynia: Sensitivity to non-noxious mechanical stimuli can bemeasured in animals to assess tactile allodynia. Rats are transferred toan elevated testing cage with a wire mesh floor and allowed to acclimatefor five to ten minutes. A series of von Frey monofilaments are appliedto the plantar surface of the hindpaw to determine the animal'swithdrawal threshold. The first filament used possesses a bucklingweight of 9.1 gms (0.96 log value) and is applied up to five times tosee if it elicits a withdrawal response. If the animal has a withdrawalresponse, then the next lightest filament in the series would be appliedup to five times to determine if it also could elicit a response. Thisprocedure is repeated with subsequent lesser filaments until there is noresponse and the identity of the lightest filament that elicits aresponse is recorded. If the animal does not have a withdrawal responsefrom the initial 9.1 gms filament, then subsequent filaments ofincreased weight are applied until a filament elicits a response and theidentity of this filament is recorded. For each animal, threemeasurements are made at every time point to produce an averagewithdrawal threshold determination. Tests can be performed prior to, andat 1, 2, 4 and 24 hours post drug administration.

Mechanical Hyperalgesia: Sensitivity to noxious mechanical stimuli canbe measured in animals using the paw pressure test to assess mechanicalhyperalgesia. In rats, hind paw withdrawal thresholds (“PWT”), measuredin grams, in response to a noxious mechanical stimulus are determinedusing an analgesymeter (Model 7200, commercially available from UgoBasile of Italy), as described in Stein (Biochemistry & Behavior 31:451-455 (1988)). The rat's paw is placed on a small platform, and weightis applied in a graded manner up to a maximum of 250 grams. The endpointis taken as the weight at which the paw is completely withdrawn. PWT isdetermined once for each rat at each time point. PWT can be measuredonly in the injured paw, or in both the injured and non-injured paw. Inone non-limiting embodiment, mechanical hyperalgesia associated withnerve injury induced pain (neuropathic pain) can be assessed in rats.Rats are tested prior to surgery to determine a baseline, or normal,PWT. Rats are tested again 2 to 3 weeks post-surgery, prior to, and atdifferent times after (e.g. 1, 3, 5 and 24 hr) drug administration. Anincrease in PWT following drug administration indicates that the testcompound reduces mechanical hyperalgesia.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Although a compound of the present invention may be administered to amammal in the form of a raw chemical without any other componentspresent, the compound is preferably administered as part of apharmaceutical composition containing the compound combined with asuitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Such a carrier can beselected from pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and auxiliaries.

Compositions within the scope of the present invention include allcompositions where a compound of the present invention is combined witha pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In a preferred embodiment, thecompound is present in the composition in an amount that is effective toachieve its intended therapeutic purpose. While individual needs mayvary, a determination of optimal ranges of effective amounts of eachcompound is within the skill of the art. Typically, the compounds may beadministered to mammal, e.g. human, orally at a dose of from about0.0025 to about 1500 mg per kg body weight of the mammal, or anequivalent amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, per dayto treat the particular disorder. A useful oral dose of a compound ofthe present invention administered to a mammal is from about 0.0025 toabout 50 mg per kg body weight of the mammal, or an equivalent amount ofthe pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. For intramuscularinjection, the dose is typically about one-half of the oral dose.

A unit oral dose may comprise from about 0.01 to about 50 mg, andpreferably about 0.1 to about 10 mg, of the compound. The unit dose canbe administered one or more times daily as one or more tablets, eachcontaining from about 0.01 to about 50 mg of the compound, or anequivalent amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvatethereof.

In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the present inventioncan be administered orally and is formulated into tablets, dragees,capsules or an oral liquid preparation.

Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention canbe administered rectally, and is formulated in suppositories.

Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention canbe administered by injection.

Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention canbe administered transdermally.

Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention canbe administered by inhalation or by intranasal administration.

Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention canbe administered by the intravaginal route.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can contain fromabout 0.01 to 99 percent by weight, and preferably from about 0.25 to 75percent by weight, of active compound(s).

The present methods of the invention, such as the method for treating,preventing, or ameliorating a disorder responsive to the blockade ofcalcium channels in an animal in need thereof, can further compriseadministering a second therapeutic agent to the animal beingadministered a compound of Formula I, I′ or I″. In one embodiment, thesecond therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount.

Effective amounts of the other therapeutic agents are known to thoseskilled in the art. However, it is well within the skilled artisan'spurview to determine the other therapeutic agent's optimaleffective-amount range. In one embodiment of the invention, whereanother therapeutic agent is administered to an animal, the effectiveamount of the compound of the present invention is less than itseffective amount would be where the other therapeutic agent is notadministered. In this case, without being bound by theory, it isbelieved that compounds of the present invention and the othertherapeutic agent act synergistically to treat, prevent, or ameliorate adisorder or condition.

The second therapeutic agent can be, but is not limited to, an opioidagonist, a non-opioid analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatoryagent, an antimigraine agent, a Cox-II inhibitor, a β-adrenergicblocker, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, an anticancer agent, anagent for treating addictive disorder, an agent for treating Parkinson'sdisease and parkinsonism, an agent for treating anxiety, an agent fortreating epilepsy, an agent for treating a seizure, an agent fortreating a stroke, an agent for treating a pruritic condition, an agentfor treating psychosis, an agent for treating ALS, an agent for treatinga cognitive disorder, an agent for treating a migraine, an agent fortreating vomiting, an agent for treating dyskinesia, or an agent fortreating depression, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful opioid agonists include, but are not limited to,alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine,bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine,desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone,dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol,dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine,ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene,fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine,isomethadone, ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan,lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon,morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol,normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone,oxymorphone, papavereturn, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan,phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine,promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine,tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixturesthereof.

In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist is selected from codeine,hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine,morphine, tramadol, oxymorphone, pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful non-opioid analgesics include non-steroidalanti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac,naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen,indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen,trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen,bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac,zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid,meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid,diflurisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, sudoxicam, isoxicam, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.Examples of other suitable non-opioid analgesics include the following,non limiting, chemical classes of analgesic, antipyretic, nonsteroidalantiinflammatory drugs: salicylic acid derivatives, including aspirin,sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate,diflunisal, salicylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, and olsalazin; paraaminophennol derivatives including acetaminophen and phenacetin; indoleand indene acetic acids, including indomethacin, sulindac, and etodolac;heteroaryl acetic acids, including tolmetin, diclofenac, and ketorolac;anthranilic acids (fenamates), including mefenamic acid, andmeclofenamic acid; enolic acids, including oxicams (piroxicam,tenoxicam), and pyrazolidinediones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthartazone);and alkanones, including nabumetone. For a more detailed description ofthe NSAIDs, see Paul A. Insel, Analgesic Antipyretic andAntiinflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout, inGoodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 617-57(Perry B. Molinhoff and Raymond W. Ruddon eds., 9th ed 1996) and Glen R.Hanson, Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti Inflammatory Drugs in Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol II 1196-1221 (A. R. Gennaro ed.19th ed. 1995) which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentireties. Suitable Cox-II inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, aswell as combinations thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,839,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples ofuseful Cox II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, rofecoxib andcelecoxib.

Examples of useful antimigraine agents include, but are not limited to,alpiropride, bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocornine,ergocorninine, ergocryptine, ergonovine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxoneacetate, fonazine, ketanserin, lisuride, lomerizine, methylergonovine,methysergide, metoprolol, naratriptan, oxetorone, pizotyline,propranolol, risperidone, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, timolol, trazodone,zolmitriptan, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful β-adrenergic blockers include, but are not limitedto, acebutolol, alprenolol, amosulabol, arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol,betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, bucumolol, bufetolol,bufuralol, bunitrolol, bupranolol, butidrine hydrochloride, butofilolol,carazolol, carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, cetamolol, cloranolol,dilevalol, epanolol, esmolol, indenolol, labetalol, levobunolol,mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol,nebivalol, nifenalol, nipradilol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol,practolol, pronethalol, propranolol, sotalol, sulfinalol, talinolol,tertatolol, tilisolol, timolol, toliprolol, and xibenolol.

Examples of useful anticonvulsants include, but are not limited to,acetylpheneturide, albutoin, aloxidone, aminoglutethimide,4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, atrolactamide, beclamide, buramate,calcium bromide, carbamazepine, cinromide, clomethiazole, clonazepam,decimemide, diethadione, dimethadione, doxenitroin, eterobarb,ethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, fluoresone, gabapentin,5-hydroxytryptophan, lamotrigine, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate,mephenyloin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methetoin, methsuximide,5-methyl-5-(3-phenanthryl)-hydantoin, 3-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin,narcobarbital, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione,phenacemide, phenetharbital, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phensuximide,phenylmethylbarbituric acid, phenyloin, phethenylate sodium, potassiumbromide, pregabaline, primidone, progabide, sodium bromide, solanum,strontium bromide, suclofenide, sulthiame, tetrantoin, tiagabine,topiramate, trimethadione, valproic acid, valpromide, vigabatrin, andzonisamide.

Examples of useful antidepressants include, but are not limited to,binedaline, caroxazone, citalopram, (S)-citalopram, dimethazan,fencamine, indalpine, indeloxazine hydrocholoride, nefopam, nomifensine,oxitriptan, oxypertine, paroxetine, sertraline, thiazesim, trazodone,benmoxine, iproclozide, iproniazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, octamoxin,phenelzine, cotinine, rolicyprine, rolipram, maprotiline, metralindole,mianserin, mirtazepine, adinazolam, amitriptyline, amitriptylinoxide,amoxapine, butriptyline, clomipramine, demexiptiline, desipramine,dibenzepin, dimetacrine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluacizine, imipramine,imipramine N-oxide, iprindole, lofepramine, melitracen, metapramine,nortriptyline, noxiptilin, opipramol, pizotyline, propizepine,protriptyline, quinupramine, tianeptine, trimipramine, adrafinil,benactyzine, bupropion, butacetin, dioxadrol, duloxetine, etoperidone,febarbamate, femoxetine, fenpentadiol, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine,hematoporphyrin, hypericin, levophacetoperane, medifoxamine,milnacipran, minaprine, moclobemide, nefazodone, oxaflozane, piberaline,prolintane, pyrisuccideanol, ritanserin, roxindole, rubidium chloride,sulpiride, tandospirone, thozalinone, tofenacin, toloxatone,tranylcypromine, L-tryptophan, venlafaxine, viloxazine, and zimeldine.

Examples of useful anticancer agents include, but are not limited to,acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole hydrochloride, acronine, adozelesin,aldesleukin, altretamine, ambomycin, ametantrone acetate,aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, anthramycin, asparaginase,asperlin, azacitidine, azetepa, azotomycin, batimastat, benzodepa,bicalutamide, bisantrene hydrochloride, bisnafide dimesylate, bizelesin,bleomycin sulfate, brequinar sodium, bropirimine, busulfan,cactinomycin, calusterone, caracemide, carbetimer, carboplatin,carmustine, carubicin hydrochloride, carzelesin, cedefingol,chlorambucil, cirolemycin, and cisplatin.

Therapeutic agents useful for treating or preventing an addictivedisorder include, but are not limited to, methadone, desipramine,amantadine, fluoxetine, buprenorphine, an opiate agonist,3-phenoxypyridine, or a serotonin antagonist.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventingParkinson's disease and parkinsonism include, but are not limited to,carbidopa/levodopa, pergolide, bromocriptine, ropinirole, pramipexole,entacapone, tolcapone, selegiline, amantadine, and trihexyphenidylhydrochloride.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing anxietyinclude, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam,brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate,demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, flumazenil, flurazepam, halazepam,lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam,quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam; non-benzodiazepine agents, such asbuspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tiospirone, zolpicone, zolpidem, andzaleplon; tranquilizers, such as barbituates, e.g., amobarbital,aprobarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital,pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental; andpropanediol carbamates, such as meprobamate and tybamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventingepilepsy or seizure include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine,ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenyloin,primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, benzodiazepines, gamma-vinylGABA, acetazolamide, and felbamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing strokeinclude, but are not limited to, anticoagulants such as heparin, agentsthat break up clots such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogenactivator, agents that reduce swelling such as mannitol orcorticosteroids, and acetylsalicylic acid.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing apruritic condition include, but are not limited to, naltrexone;nalmefene; danazol; tricyclics such as amitriptyline, imipramine, anddoxepin; antidepressants such as those given below; menthol; camphor;phenol; pramoxine; capsaicin; tar; steroids; and antihistamines.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventingpsychosis include, but are not limited to, phenothiazines such aschlorpromazine hydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, and thoridazinehydrochloride; thioxanthenes such as chloroprothixene and thiothixenehydrochloride; clozapine; risperidone; olanzapine; quetiapine;quetiapine fumarate; haloperidol; haloperidol decanoate; loxapinesuccinate; molindone hydrochloride; pimozide; and ziprasidone.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing ALSinclude, but are not limited to, baclofen, neurotrophic factors,riluzole, tizanidine, benzodiazepines such as clonazepan and dantrolene.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventingcognitive disorders include, but are not limited to, agents for treatingor preventing dementia such as tacrine; donepezil; ibuprofen;antipsychotic drugs such as thioridazine and haloperidol; andantidepressant drugs such as those given below.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing amigraine include, but are not limited to, sumatriptan; methysergide;ergotamine; caffeine; and beta-blockers such as propranolol, verapamil,and divalproex.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventingvomiting include, but are not limited to, 5-HT3 receptor antagonistssuch as odansetron, dolasetron, granisetron, and tropisetron; dopaminereceptor antagonists such as prochlorperazine, thiethylperazine,chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, and domperidone; glucocorticoids such asdexamethasone; and benzodiazepines such as lorazepam and alprazolam.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventingdyskinesia include, but are not limited to, reserpine and tetrabenazine.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventingdepression include, but are not limited to, tricyclic antidepressantssuch as amitryptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, clomipramine, desipramine,doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nefazadone, nortriptyline,protriptyline, trazodone, trimipramine, and venlafaxine; selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitors such as citalopram, (S)-citalopram,fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and setraline; monoamine oxidaseinhibitors such as isocarboxazid, pargyline, phenelzine, andtranylcypromine; and psychostimulants such as dextroamphetamine andmethylphenidate.

A compound of the present invention and the second therapeutic agent canact additively or, in one embodiment, synergistically. In oneembodiment, a compound of the present invention is administeredconcurrently with the second therapeutic agent; for example, acomposition comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I,I′ or I″, and an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent can beadministered. Alternatively, a composition comprising an effectiveamount of a compound of Formula I, I′ or I″ and a different compositioncomprising an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent can beconcurrently administered. In another embodiment, an effective amount ofa compound of the present invention is administered prior or subsequentto administration of an effective amount of the second therapeuticagent. In this embodiment, the compound of the present invention isadministered while the second therapeutic agent exerts its therapeuticeffect, or the other therapeutic agent is administered while thecompound of the present invention exerts its preventive or therapeuticeffect for treating, ameliorating or preventing a disorder or condition.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can beadministered to any animal that may experience the beneficial effects ofa compound of the present invention. Foremost among such animals aremammals, e.g., humans and companion animals, although the invention isnot intended to be so limited.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can beadministered by any means that achieves its intended purpose. Forexample, administration can be by the parenteral, subcutaneous,intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, intranasal,rectal, intravaginal or buccal route, or by inhalation. Alternatively,or concurrently, administration can be by the oral route. The dosageadministered and route of administration will vary, depending upon thecircumstances of the particular subject, and taking into account suchfactors as age, health, and weight of the recipient, condition ordisorder to be treated, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequencyof treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is preferablymanufactured in a manner which is itself known, for example, by means ofconventional mixing, granulating, dragee-making, dissolving, extrusion,or lyophilizing processes. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions for oraluse can be obtained by combining the active compound with solidexcipients, optionally grinding the resulting mixture and processing themixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired ornecessary, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.

Suitable excipients include fillers such as saccharides (for example,lactose, sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol), cellulose preparations, calciumphosphates (for example, tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogenphosphate), as well as binders such as starch paste (using, for example,maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, or potato starch), gelatin,tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone. If desired, one ormore disintegrating agents can be added, such as the above-mentionedstarches and also carboxymethyl-starch, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodiumalginate.

Auxiliaries are typically flow-regulating agents and lubricants such as,for example, silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof (e.g.,magnesium stearate or calcium stearate), and polyethylene glycol. Drageecores are provided with suitable coatings that are resistant to gastricjuices. For this purpose, concentrated saccharide solutions may be used,which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,polyethylene glycol and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions andsuitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. In order to producecoatings resistant to gastric juices, solutions of suitable cellulosepreparations such as acetylcellulose phthalate orhydroxypropymethyl-cellulose phthalate can be used. Dye stuffs orpigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings, for example,for identification or in order to characterize combinations of activecompound doses.

Examples of other pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orallyinclude push-fit capsules made of gelatin, or soft, sealed capsules madeof gelatin and a plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fitcapsules can contain a compound in the form of granules, which may bemixed with fillers such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/orlubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally,stabilizers, or in the form of extruded multiparticulates. In softcapsules, the active compounds are preferably dissolved or suspended insuitable liquids, such as fatty oils or liquid paraffin. In addition,stabilizers may be added.

Possible pharmaceutical preparations for rectal administration include,for example, suppositories, which consist of a combination of one ormore active compounds with a suppository base. Suitable suppositorybases include natural and synthetic triglycerides, and paraffinhydrocarbons, among others. It is also possible to use gelatin rectalcapsules consisting of a combination of active compound with a basematerial such as, for example, a liquid triglyceride, polyethyleneglycol, or paraffin hydrocarbon.

Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueoussolutions of the active compound in a water-soluble form such as, forexample, a water-soluble salt, alkaline solution, or acidic solution.Alternatively, a suspension of the active compound may be prepared as anoily suspension. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles for such assuspension may include fatty oils (for example, sesame oil), syntheticfatty acid esters (for example, ethyl oleate), triglycerides, or apolyethylene glycol such as polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400). Anaqueous suspension may contain one or more substances to increase theviscosity of the suspension, including, for example, sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, and/or dextran. The suspension mayoptionally contain stabilizers.

The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting, of thecompounds, compositions and methods of the present invention. Suitablemodifications and adaptations of the variety of conditions andparameters normally encountered in clinical therapy and which areobvious to those skilled in the art in view of this disclosure arewithin the spirit and scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1(E)-3-((1-(4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)methyl)benzonitrile

a) Diethyl azodicarboxylate (40% in toluene, 2.5 ml, 5.5 mmol) was addedto the mixture of N-Boc-4-hydroxypiperidine (1.0 g, 5.0 mmol),N-hydroxyphthalimide (816 mg, 5.0 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.3 g,5.0 mmol) in THF (10 ml) at 0° C. and stirred at room temperature for1.5 hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and theresidue was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine,dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue waspurified by column chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Hexanes 30/70-70/30)to give tert-butyl4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yloxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate (1.37 g, 80%).

b) Hydrogen chloride in 1,4-dioxane (4 M, 7.0 ml) was added to thesolution of tert-butyl4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yloxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate (692 mg, 2.00mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 ml) and stirred for 1 hour. The precipitatedmaterial was collected, washed with n-hexane (2 ml×2) and dried underreduced pressure at 80° C. to give2-(piperidin-4-yloxy)isoindoline-1,3-dione hydrochloride (533 mg, 94%).

c) A suspension of 2-(piperidin-4-yloxy)isoindoline-1,3-dionehydrochloride (533 mg, 1.9 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (0.97 ml, 5.7mmol) in DMF (5 ml) was stirred at 80° C. for 30 minutes and theresulted solution was cooled at 0° C. To this ice-cooled solution, asolution of 4-trifluoromethoxysulfonyl chloride (589 mg, 2.1 mmol) inDMF (2 ml) was added dropwise over 10 minutes and the whole was stirredat room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was dilutedwith ethyl acetate and washed with water (×3) and brine, dried (MgSO₄)and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified bycolumn chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Hexanes 20/80-50/50) to give2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)isoindoline-1,3-dione(749 mg, 84%).

d) A mixture of2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)isoindoline-1,3-dione(640 mg, 1.36 mmol) and hydrazine monohydrate (0.073 ml, 1.5 mmol) inEtOH (6 ml) was stirred for 1 hour. The precipitated materials werefiltered off and washed with EtOH (2 ml×2), then the filtrate wasevaporated under reduced pressure to giveO-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)hydroxylamine(519 mg, 100%).

e) A solution ofO-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)hydroxylamine(130 mg, 0.38 mmol), 3-formylbenzonitrile (45 mg, 0.38 mmol) and aceticacid (0.022 ml, 0.38 mmol) in EtOH (4 ml) was stirred for 1 hour and thesolvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purifiedby column chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Hexanes 20/80-50/50) andrecrystallized from EtOAc/Hexanes to give(E)-3-((1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)methyl)benzonitrile(96 mg, 56%, colorless solid, LC: 98%, retention time: 7.94 min (MethodA), M/Z: 453.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.27 (1H, s), 7.99 (1H, s), 7.85-7.96 (4H, m),7.59-7.68 (3H, m), 4.25 (1H, m), 3.28 (2H, m), 2.89 (2H, m), 2.01 (2H,m), 1.74 (2H, m).

Example 23-(Cyclopropyl(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)methyl)benzonitrile

The key intermediate 3-(Cyclopropanecarbonyl)benzonitrile was preparedas follows;a) Cyclopropylmagnesium bromide (1M in THF, 6 ml, 6 mmol) was added to asolution of 3-formylbenzonitrile in THF (12 ml) at −78° C. and stirredat 0° C. for 5 hours. The reaction was quenched with saturated NH₄Clsolution (30 ml), extracted with EtOAc, washed with water (×2) andbrine, dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residuewas purified by column chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Hexanes20/80-50/50) to give 3-(cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methyl)benzonitrile (778 mg,91%).b) 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) was added to a solution of3-(cyclopropyl(hydroxy)methyl)benzonitrile (171 mg, 1 mmol) in EtOAc (5ml) at room temperature and stirred at 80° C. for 2 hours. After coolingto 0° C., the precipitated materials were filtered off and washed withEtOAc (3 ml×2), then the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure.The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica(EtOAc/Hexanes 5/95-30/70) to give 3-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)benzonitrile(225 mg, 100%).

3-(Cyclopropanecarbonyl)benzonitrile was coupled withO-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)hydroxylamine togive3-(cyclopropyl(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)methyl)benzonitrileas a mixture of stereoisomers.

Colorless oil, LC: 100%, retention time: 8.20 min (Method A), M/Z: 493.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 7.43-7.95 (8H, m), 4.05-4.30 (1H, m), 2.77-3.13 (4H,m), 1.58-2.00 (5H, m), 0.66-0.82 (2H, m), 0.43 (1H, m).

Example 3 Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanoneO-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl oxime

a) A suspension of 4-piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride (5.0 g, 33mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (17 ml, 98 mmol) in DMF (200 ml) wasstirred at 80° C. for 30 minutes and the resulted solution was cooled at0° C. To this ice-cooled solution, a solution of4-trifluoromethoxysulfonyl chloride (11.0 g, 39 mmol) in DMF (40 ml) wasadded dropwise and the whole was stirred at room temperature overnight.The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and ice-water (80 ml)was added to the residue. The precipitated material was collected,washed with water (50 ml×3) and n-hexane (30 ml) and dried under reducedpressure at 80° C. to give1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-one (9.8 g, 93%).

b) NaBH₄ was added to a solution of1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-one (1.0 g, 3.0 mmol)in MeOH (15 ml) at 0° C. and stirred at 0° C. for 45 minutes. Thereaction was quenched with water (30 ml) and hydrochloric acid (2 M, 5ml), extracted with EtOAc, washed with water (×2) and brine, dried(MgSO₄) and evaporated under reduced pressure to give1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-ol (1.0 g, 100%).

c) Diethyl azodicarboxylate (40% in toluene, 1.0 ml, 2.2 mmol) was addedto the mixture of 1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-ol(651 mg, 2.0 mmol), N-hydroxyphthalimide (359 mg, 2.2 mmol) andtriphenylphosphine (577 mg, 2.2 mmol) in THF (8 ml) at 0° C. and stirredat room temperature for 2 days. The solvent was evaporated under reducedpressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography on silica(EtOAc/Hexanes 10/90-50/50) to give2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)isoindoline-1,3-dione(390 mg, 40%).

d) A mixture of2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxy)isoindoline-1,3-dione(390 mg, 0.82 mmol) and hydrazine monohydrate (0.044 ml, 0.90 mmol) inEtOH (4 ml) was stirred for 1 hour. The precipitated materials werefiltered off and washed with EtOH (2 ml×2), then the filtrate wasevaporated under reduced pressure to giveO-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)hydroxylamine(279 mg, 100%).

e) A solution ofO-(1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl)hydroxylamine(130 mg, 0.38 mmol), 4,4′-difluorobenzophenone (83 mg, 0.38 mmol) andacetic acid (0.021 ml, 0.38 mmol) in EtOH (4 ml) was stirred at 100° C.for 2 days and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was purified by column chromatography on silica (EtOAc/Hexanes1/99-20/80) to give bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanoneO-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl oxime (103 mg,50%, colorless oil, LC: 95%, retention time: 8.87 min (Method A), M/Z:540.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 7.87 (2H, d, 8.0 Hz), 7.66 (2H, d, 8.0 Hz), 7.38(2H, m), 7.22 (4H, m), 7.10 (2H, m), 4.33 (1H, m), 3.08 (2H, m), 2.74(2H, m), 1.89 (2H, m), 1.78 (2H, m).

Similarly, the following compounds were prepared

Example 4(E)-3-(1-(1-(4-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)ethyl)benzonitrile

Colorless solid, LC: 97%, retention time: 8.35 min (Method A), M/Z: 467.

¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 8.05 (1H, s), 7.99 (1H, s), 7.84-7.98 (4H, m),7.57-7.69 (3H, m), 4.28 (1H, m), 3.16 (2H, m), 2.93 (2H, m), 2.08 (3H,s), 1.91 (2H, m), 1.77 (2H, m).

Compounds of the invention have been tested in the calcium mobilizationand/or electrophysiological assay for N-type calcium channel blockingactivity, which are described in detail above. Some compounds describedhave also been tested in the calcium mobilization assay for L-typecalcium channel blocking activity, which is described in detail above.Representative values are presented in TABLE 2.

TABLE 2 Evaluation of the tested compounds as N-type calcium channel(NTCC) blockers and L-type calcium channel (LTCC) blockers after acalcium mobilization in vitro assay NTCC LTCC Example IC₅₀ IC₅₀ NumberCompound Name (nM) (nM) 2 3-(Cyclopropyl(1-(4- 200 >20000(trifluoromethoxy)- phenylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yloxyimino)methyl)benzonitrile 3 Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methanone O-1-(4-100 >20000 (trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)- piperidin-4-yl oxime 4(E)-3-(1-(1-(4- 180 >20000 (Trifluoromethoxy)phenylsulfonyl)-piperidin-4-yloxyimino)ethyl)benzonitrile

Having now fully described this invention, it will be understood bythose of ordinary skill in the art that the same can be performed withina wide and equivalent range of conditions, formulations and otherparameters without affecting the scope of the invention or anyembodiment thereof.

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled inthe art from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

All patents and publications cited herein are fully incorporated byreference herein in their entirety.

1. A compound having the Formula I:

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug or a solvate thereof,wherein: Y is CO or SO_(m); Z is hydrogen, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedbicycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵,COR⁵ or CONR⁵R⁶; R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, optionallysubstituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl,optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, cyano, COR⁵, or CONR⁵R⁶, or R¹ andR² taken together, with the carbon atom to which they are attached, formoptionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted bicycloalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkenyl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, optionallysubstituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl,optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,optionally substituted bicycloalkyl, optionally substitutedcycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; each X is independently ═O, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵, COR⁵, COOR^(S),CONR⁵R⁶, NR⁵COR⁵, OCOR⁵, SOR⁵, SO₂R⁵, SO₃R⁵, SONR⁵R⁶, SO₂NR⁵R⁶, NR⁵SOR⁵,or NR⁵SO₂R⁵; m is 1 or 2; p is 0, 1 or 2; and q is 0 or 1; and providedthat when R¹ is optionally substituted phenyl, R² is optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl or thiazolylcarbamoyl, and Y is CO, then Z isnot methyl, tert-butoxy or 2-(N,N′-dimethylamino)ethoxy; or when R¹ isaminothiazolyl, R² is CONHR⁶, wherein R⁶ is optionally substitutedheterocyclyl and Y is CO, then Z is not 4-nitrobenzyloxy.
 2. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein Y is SO₂.
 3. The compound of claim 1 or 2,wherein Z is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl.
 4. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the compoundof any of claims 1-3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 5. Amethod of treating, preventing or ameliorating a disorder responsive tothe blockade of calcium channels in a mammal suffering from saiddisorder, comprising administering to a mammal in need of suchtreatment, prevention or amelioration an effective amount of a compoundof any of claims 1-3.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein a disorderresponsive to the blockade of N-type calcium channels is treated,prevented or ameliorated.
 7. A method for treating, preventing orameliorating stroke, neuronal damage resulting from head trauma,epilepsy, pain, migraine, a mood disorder, schizophrenia, aneurodegenerative disorder, depression, anxiety, a psychosis,hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia in a mammal, comprising administeringan effective amount of a compound of any of claims 1-3.
 8. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the method is for treating, preventing or amelioratingpain selected from chronic pain, acute pain, and surgical pain.
 9. Amethod of modulating calcium channels in a mammal, comprisingadministering to the mammal at least one compound of any one of claims1-3.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the N-type calcium channel ismodulated.
 11. A compound having the Formula I as claimed in claims 1-3,wherein the compound is ³H, ¹¹C, or ¹⁴C radiolabeled.
 12. A method ofscreening a candidate compound for the ability to bind to a receptorusing a radiolabeled compound of claim 11, comprising a) introducing afixed concentration of the radiolabeled compound to the receptor to forma mixture; b) titrating the mixture with a candidate compound; and c)determining the binding of the candidate compound to said receptor. 13.Use of a compound of Formula I as claimed in any one of claims 1-3 inthe manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventing or amelioratingstroke, neuronal damage resulting from head trauma, epilepsy, pain,migraine, a mood disorder, schizophrenia, a neurodegenerative disorder,depression, anxiety, a psychosis, hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia ina mammal.
 14. Use of a compound of Formula I as claimed in any one ofclaims 1-3 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating, preventingor ameliorating pain selected from chronic pain, acute pain, andsurgical pain.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition for modulating calciumchannels in a mammal, comprising the compound having the Formula I′:

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a prodrug or a solvate thereof,wherein: Y is CO or SO_(m); Z is hydrogen, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substitutedbicycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵,COR⁵ or CONR⁵R⁶; R¹ and R² are each independently hydrogen, optionallysubstituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl,optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl,optionally substituted heterocyclyl, cyano, COR⁵, or CONR⁵R⁶, or R¹ andR² taken together, with the carbon atom to which they are attached, formoptionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted bicycloalkyl,optionally substituted cycloalkenyl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently hydrogen, optionallysubstituted lower alkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl,optionally substituted lower alkynyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl,optionally substituted bicycloalkyl, optionally substitutedcycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl; each X is independently ═O, optionally substituted loweralkyl, optionally substituted lower alkenyl, optionally substitutedlower alkynyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, NR⁵R⁶, OR⁵, SR⁵, COR⁵, COOR^(S),CONR⁵R⁶, NR⁵COR⁵, OCOR⁵, SOR⁵, SO₂R⁵, SO₃R⁵, SONR⁵R⁶, SO₂NR⁵R⁶, NR⁵SOR⁵,or NR⁵SO₂R⁵; m is 1 or 2; p is 0, 1 or 2; and q is 0 or 1; and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.